Pine Sawdust as a Roughage Substitute in Beef Finishing Rations

Previous reports discussed toxicity trials with untreated sawdust, indicating no toxicity to ruminants when fed up to 25% of the ration. The low digestibility (7-10%) of softwood sawdust produced from the mills in western South Dakota limits its usage as a major ration component. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the usage of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) sawdust as a nonnutritive roughage component in beef finishing rations

Utilization of Crop Residues and Highly Lignified Waste Products in Wintering Rations for Beef Cows

Although residues and waste fiber can be fed in many types of ruminant rations at low levels as a replacement for the forage, greater usage can probably be found in maintenance or wintering rations. A crop residue or waste material is no better than its available nutrient composition. How closely this nutrient composition will meet the requirement of animals determines how the material can be used and what supplemental feeds are required. The nutrient requirement of 1,100 lb. dry pregnancy mature cows in the middle third of pregnancy could be used as a basis for requirements for a maintenance or wintering ration for breeding stock

Pine Sawdust as a Roughage Replacement in Feeder Cattle Diets

Eight lots, five or six heifers each, (42 heifers total) were fed one of four diets for 119 days to study the effect of sawdust inclusion in a growing diet on the performance of feeder calves. The diets were alfalfa-concentrate, sawdust-concentrate, corn silage and sawdust silage. (See table 1 for specific diet composition). Trace mineral salt and dicalcium phosphate were fed free choice and vitamin A was supplemented to provide a calculated 10,000 to 12,000 I.U. per head per day. Brome-alfalfa loose hay was provided for the first week during adaptation to the experimental diets

Wavelet techniques for reversible data embedding into images

The proliferation of digital information in our society has enticed a lot of research into data embedding techniques that add information to digital content like images, audio and video. This additional information can be used for various purposes and different applications place different requirements on the embedding techniques. In this paper, we investigate high capacity lossless data embedding methods that allow one to embed large amounts of data into digital images (or video) in such a way that the original image can be reconstructed from the watermarked image. The paper starts by briefly reviewing three existing lossless data embedding techniques as described by Fridrich and co-authors, by Tian, and by Celik and co-workers. We then present two new techniques: one based on least significant bit prediction and Sweldens' lifting scheme and another that is an improvement of Tian's technique of difference expansion. The various embedding methods are then compared in terms of capacity-distortion behaviour, embedding speed, and capacity control

Pine Sawdust as a Roughage Replacement in Cattle Finishing Diets

Two lots of 12 heifers each were full fed daily one of two diets for 115 days to study the effect of sawdust replacement of ground alfalfa in a finishing diet on the performance and carcass characteristics of beef heifers. Diet composition is shown in table 1. Trace mineral salt and dicalcium phosphate were provided free choice

Pine Needle Abortion Among Cows Grazing Foothill Ranges

The frequent occurrence of pine needle abortion in cattle grazing foothill ranges having tree stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) causes management problems for many ranchers in South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and California as well as many areas in Canada. Surveys (1973-75) covering eight counties in western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming indicate the area loss to be approximately 700 calves annually even with good management to prevent pregnant cows from consuming pine needles. Loss of the cow as well from infection of a retained placenta is not unusual. In 1975, for example, one rancher lost 38 calves from pine needle abortion and 12 of the cows thereafter from infection resulting fram retained placentas. Investigations are in progress to isolate and identify the causative factor in pine needles. Ranchers assumed the factor to be present in needles only during late winter and early spring since this was the period when abortions were noted with cattle

Toxicity Study Using Pine Sawdust as a Roughage Replacement in Gestating Beef Heifer Rations

The purpose of this was to determine what difficulties might be encountered as a result of feeding raw pine sawdust to beef heifers during the last trimester of gestation

Isolation of the Abortive Factor in Ponderosa Pine Needles

Chick embryos can serve as an economical means to screen pine needle extracts for possible abortive components which affect cattle grazing alpine pastures. Lipid-like extracts from pine needles did not appear to be toxic to chick embryos, while carbohydrates components were toxic at low levels. Protein components were not screened in this study

Delignification of Ponderosa Pine Sawdust and Bark by Peroxyacetic Treatments

The purpose of this study was to determine effectiveness of peroxyacetic acid in improving the digestibility of highly lignified fibrous materials such as ponderosa pine sawdust and bark. Peroxyacetic acid is used as a delignifying agent in the making of paper from tree fibers

Utilization of Aspen Trees as Ruminant Feed Component

When traditional roughages are in short supply or high in price, other fibrous feed sources for ruminants should be considered if available at a competitive price. One such fibrous material shown to have potential as a ruminant feed is the aspen tree (Populus tremuloids Michx.) harvested in its entire form to include bark, leaves and trunk. The aspen tree is the most widespread tree species in North America and the least utilized. Estimates exceed 6 million acres of mature trees in an area which would include the Black Hills (58,000 acres), the Great Lakes region and the Rock Mountain region. Since the tree responds to harvest by thirtyfold reproduction from the remaining stump and root, it becomes a highly renewable source of fiber. Previously, when aspen wood was properly supplemented to correct nutrient deficiencies such as protein, the final mixed ration was a satisfactory replacement for 80% alfalfa in growing rations for cattle (A.S. Series 76-19). The objective of this experiment was to further explore the use of aspen as the roughage portion of both growing and finishing rations. An attempt was also made to determine if chicken manure could partially replace soybean meal as a protein supplement in a ration having aspen as a major component